新质生产力是推动经济高质量发展的核心动力，其对民营经济的赋能效应及作用机制是学界关注的重要问题。文章基于2013—2024年我国省级面板数据，探究新质生产力对民营经济高质量发展的驱动作用及内在逻辑。研究发现：发展新质生产力能够驱动民营经济高质量发展，产业升级在其中发挥了部分中介作用；新质生产力主要通过推动民营经济向高端化、服务化产业结构转型间接赋能高质量发展，且驱动作用存在显著的区域异质性。今后可进一步扩大新质生产力要素供给覆盖面，强化对中西部和东北地区的资源倾斜与技术支持，实施差异化产业政策，增强民营企业内生发展动力，推动新质生产力与民营经济高质量发展深度融合。

New quality productive forces are the core driving force behind high-quality economic development, and their enabling effects and mechanisms on the private economy are critical issues that urgently need clarification. Based on provincial panel data from China spanning 2013 to 2024, this study investigates the driving role and underlying logic of new quality productive forces in promoting high-quality development of the private sector. The findings reveal that new quality productive forces significantly and positively drive high-quality development of the private economy, with industrial upgrading serving as a partial mediator in this relationship. New quality productive forces primarily enable high-quality development indirectly by facilitating the transformation of the private sector toward higher-end and service-oriented industrial structures, and its driving effect exhibits significant regional heterogeneity. Going forward, it is advisable to further expand the coverage of new quality productive forces, strengthen resource allocation and technical support for central, western, and northeastern regions, implement differentiated industrial policies, enhance the endogenous momentum of private enterprises, and promote deeper integration between new quality productive forces and high-quality development of the private sector.