Labor productivity is determined by total factor productivity and average labor capital, which is positively related to both. Increasing labor productivity can be achieved by increasing average labor capital and improving total factor productivity. Since 1952, Xinjiang's labor productivity has been rising for a long time, with an average annual growth rate of 6.01%, but the growth rate has slowed in recent years. Before the reform and opening up (1953-1978), labor productivity growth rate has a strong volatility in Xinjiang, with an average annual growth of only 2.37%. After the reform and opening up (1978-2016), the volatility of labor productivity growth in Xinjiang has been greatly reduced, with an average annual growth of 8.46%. From the longitudinal comparison, Xinjiang's labor productivity in China's ranking showed a downward trend, and the average annual growth rate of more backward. In the future, we can increase the average labor capital and total factor productivity of Xinjiang by paying attention to capital accumulation, improving human capital quality and innovation ability, and creating a good institutional environment, and thus promote labor productivity continues to improve.