This paper, by designing “Urumqi Public Consciousness of Ecological Civilization and Behavior Questionnaire”, conducts a study of it from four aspects, namely, the knowledge of its connotations, the practice of it, the acceptance of its construction and the satisfaction to the living environment. At the same time, problems existing in the construction of ecological civilization and and influencing factors are also analyzed. The results show that the public know, practice and accept ecological civilization more but less satisfied with it; poor air quality and household garbage are the most serious environmental problems facing the respondents; lack of public participation and support of the government are main problems facing the construction of ecological civilization in Urumqi; the policy support of the government and the quality of the people are main factors affecting the construction of ecological civilization. Based on this, this paper puts forward the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions.