Based on Marx’s theory of organic composition of capital, this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of the improvement of organic composition of capital on labor demand, explains the effects of employment polarization, informalization and spatial alienation under the conditions of digital economy, and theoretically expounds the short-term and long-term impact of digital economy on employment. The study shows that digitalization will improve the organic composition of social capital and lead to short-term structural problems of labor force employment but will not lead to long-term total unemployment. The characteristics and paths of the organic composition of capital under the conditions of digital economy have led to new employment phenomena. Based on this, the paper proposes that the design of employment promotion policies under the conditions of digital economy should be based on the division of labor in accordance with Marx’s theory of the organic composition of capital.