Against the backdrop of negative population growth and persistently low fertility rates, exploring the current fertility situation and policies in China is of great significance for promoting long-term balanced and high-quality population development. The paper analyzes changes in China's fertility levels and demographic trends, pointing out key features of the current fertility rate in China, namely, the fertility rate is at an extremely low level, and is still declining, there are significant regional and urban-rural disparities in fertility levels, and the causes of low fertility are complex and diverse. It reviews the evolution and adjustment of China's fertility policy, and based on this, analyzes the framework of the current fertility policy. In this regard, it is proposed to improve the top-level design, enhance the synergy of policies, and build a fertility support policy system that covers the entire life cycle and the entire population. It is also suggested to clarify the main entities responsible for fertility and to reasonably share the costs of childbirth.