As a pivotal agricultural production base in China, the development of Xinjiang's agricultural sector not only underpins its own economic growth but also bears profound significance for national food security and the stability of the ecological environment. Against this backdrop, the new quality productive forces, as an advanced paradigm of productive forces driven by scientific and technological innovation at its core, have become a critical pathway for promoting high-quality agricultural development in Xinjiang,China. This paper systematically dissects the intrinsic logic through which new quality productive forces empower agriculture to achieve enhanced production efficiency, transformed labor structure, and upgraded industrial structure via scientific and technological innovation, technology extension, and digital economy empowerment in Xinjiang, China.Simultaneously, from the perspectives of farmers, enterprises, and the government, the prominent issues existing have been analyzed in the current agricultural development in Xinjiang, including difficulties in promoting water-saving facilities, insufficient support for key technologies, talent loss, and an imbalance in labor structure. In response to these issues, the paper further proposes targeted recommendations, such as intensifying the innovation of agriculture-benefiting policies, promoting the in-depth integration of the agricultural industrial chain, and constructing a modern agricultural labor echelon, in order to provide decision-making references for high-quality agricultural development and accelerating the building of a strong agriculture in Xinjiang,China.