As an important component of the social insurance system, workers' injury insurance holds unique value in promoting income redistribution and shared prosperity. The implementation effects of workers' injury insurance in China exhibit certain inter-provincial differences. This study takes Liaoning and Zhejiang Provinces as research objects and comparatively evaluates the implementation effects of their work injury insurance systems on income distribution. The findings demonstrate that the work injury insurance system significantly narrows income distribution gaps in Liaoning; conversely, the system's moderating impact on income disparities in Zhejiang is comparatively constrained. These heterogeneous policy effects may be driven by institutional differences in coverage scope, premium standards, and benefit provisions between the two provinces. Going forward, it is essential to further expand the coverage of workers' injury insurance, strengthen fund collection and management, and increase benefit payouts, thereby fully unleashing the role of workers' injury insurance in income redistribution and providing a safety net for livelihoods.