China's soybean imports are highly dependent on foreign countries and have a single import source. Under the background of Sino-US trade conflict, there is great uncertainty in the future. Therefore, based on the stochastic frontier gravity model and the data from 2001 to 2019, this paper measures and analyzes the efficiency and potential of China's soybean import trade. The results show that the efficiency of China's soybean import trade shows a downward trend with time; China's GDP, population and soybean output of source of import have a significant role in promoting China's soybean import. The GDP and the level of urbanization of the country of source of imports, the level of urbanization in China and the exchange rate have a restraining effect on the China's soybean import trade. The direct import of meat products can also reduce the import of soybeans. The population of source of import has no significant impact on soybean import. Secondly, economic and trade organizations, maritime network construction and investment freedom have a significant effect on China's soybean import. In the future, China should strengthen trade cooperation among countries, participate in investment in the construction of shipping network, and pay attention to preventing financial risks.